Chlorate Contamination

Chlorate in New Jersey Drinking Water

Ranked by max chlorate detected (µg/L) · UCMR 3 data (2013–2015) · Data from EPA SDWIS & UCMR

290

Cities Tested

184

Over HA

63%

% Over HA

387.4 µg/L

State Avg

▲ 5% vs national

vs National

323

Health Violations

Analysis

Chlorate in New Jersey: what the data shows

New Jersey has 290 cities with chlorate data from the EPA's UCMR 3 program (2013–2015). Chlorate exceeded the 210 µg/L EPA lifetime health advisory in 184 of those cities. The state average max detected level is 387.4 µg/L. Chlorate is a disinfection byproduct that forms when chlorine dioxide or hypochlorite solutions are used to disinfect drinking water. It is most common in systems that use chlorine dioxide for taste-and-odor control or that store hypochlorite for extended periods. There is no federal MCL — the EPA lifetime health advisory is 210 µg/L. Chlorate can interfere with thyroid function by blocking iodide uptake, an effect of particular concern for pregnant women, infants, and people with thyroid conditions. Reverse osmosis and ion exchange (anion-specific) are effective at removing chlorate; standard activated carbon filters provide only modest reduction.

Comparison

Cities exceeding 210 µg/L EPA lifetime HA (no MCL)

New Jersey

63%

184 of 290 cities

→ ▲ 5% above national rate (worse)

National avg

58%

1812 of 3098 cities

City Map

Chlorate data across New Jersey

Each dot is a city with UCMR 3 chlorate testing data. Cities where chlorate exceeds the 210 µg/L EPA lifetime health advisory are highlighted. Size reflects population served.

Worst Offenders

Top 10 cities by chlorate level in New Jersey

Highest Chlorate levels (µg/L)

All Cities

All New Jersey cities ranked by chlorate level

#	City	Level	Over HA?	Violations	Grade
1	Willingboro Twp.-0338	5755.7 µg/L	Over HA	1	B
2	Pennsville Twp.-1708	3519.2 µg/L	Over HA	5	C-
3	Mount Laurel Twp.-0324	2536.2 µg/L	Over HA	1	B-
4	Hamilton Twp.-1103	2112.0 µg/L	Over HA	37	F
5	Vineland City-0614	1900.0 µg/L	Over HA	70	F
6	Manchester Twp.-1518	1700.0 µg/L	Over HA	23	F
7	Denville Twp.-1408	1700.0 µg/L	Over HA	4	F
8	Livingston Twp.-0710	1690.0 µg/L	Over HA	10	C
9	Freehold Twp.-1316	1210.0 µg/L	Over HA	8	D+
10	Colts Neck Twp.-1309	1210.0 µg/L	Over HA	17	D+
11	Fair Haven Boro-1313	990.0 µg/L	Over HA	4	C
12	Little Silver Boro-1323	990.0 µg/L	Over HA	4	C
13	Red Bank Boro-1340	990.0 µg/L	Over HA	4	C
14	Monroe Twp.-1213	930.0 µg/L	Over HA	6	F
15	Camden City-0408	810.0 µg/L	Over HA	25	F
16	Berlin Boro-0405	782.5 µg/L	Over HA	1	B+
17	Aberdeen Twp-1330	760.0 µg/L	Over HA	22	F
18	Asbury Park City-1303	760.0 µg/L	Over HA	1	B+
19	Bay Head Boro-1502	760.0 µg/L	Over HA	1	B+
20	Bradley Beach Boro-1307	760.0 µg/L	Over HA	1	B+
21	Brick Twp.-1506	760.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B
22	Eatontown Boro-1311	760.0 µg/L	Over HA	1	B+
23	Holmdel Twp.-1318	760.0 µg/L	Over HA	1	B+
24	Lavalette Boro-1515	760.0 µg/L	Over HA	1	B
25	Long Branch City-1325	760.0 µg/L	Over HA	1	B+
26	Middletown Twp.-1331	760.0 µg/L	Over HA	9	C+
27	Neptune City Boro-1335	760.0 µg/L	Over HA	1	B+
28	Neptune Twp.-1334	760.0 µg/L	Over HA	1	B+
29	Ocean Twp.-1337	760.0 µg/L	Over HA	1	B+
30	Oceanport Boro-1338	760.0 µg/L	Over HA	1	B+
31	Rumson Boro-1342	760.0 µg/L	Over HA	1	B+
32	Shrewsbury Boro-1345	760.0 µg/L	Over HA	1	B+
33	Tinton Falls-1336	760.0 µg/L	Over HA	1	B+
34	Union Beach Boro-1350	760.0 µg/L	Over HA	1	B+
35	West Long Branch Boro-1353	760.0 µg/L	Over HA	1	B+
36	Toms River-1507	760.0 µg/L	Over HA	13	B
37	Lakewood Twp.-1514	760.0 µg/L	Over HA	3	B-
38	Keansburg Boro-1321	760.0 µg/L	Over HA	6	F
39	Mount Holly Twp.-0323	750.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	B+
40	Winslow Twp.-0436	668.4 µg/L	Over HA	37	F
41	Washington Twp.-1438	573.5 µg/L	Over HA	22	F
42	Ocean City-0508	570.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	A+
43	Sparta Twp.-1918	562.0 µg/L	Over HA	11	F
44	Haledon Boro-1603	540.0 µg/L	Over HA	22	C+
45	South River Boro-1223	500.0 µg/L	Over HA	7	F
46	Absecon City-0101	470.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	A-
47	Galloway Twp-0111	470.0 µg/L	Over HA	9	C-
48	Linwood City-0114	470.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	A-
49	Northfield City-0118	470.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	A-
50	Pleasantville City-0119	470.0 µg/L	Over HA	4	B-
51	Somers Point City-0121	470.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	A-
52	North Brunswick Twp.-1215	470.0 µg/L	Over HA	17	F
53	Ramsey Boro-0248	460.0 µg/L	Over HA	56	F
54	Gloucester City-0414	453.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	A-
55	Little Falls Twp.-1605	430.0 µg/L	Over HA	12	B
56	Sayreville Boro-1219	430.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B
57	Evesham Twp.-0313	423.0 µg/L	Over HA	1	A-
58	New Brunswick City-1214	410.0 µg/L	Over HA	46	D+
59	Jackson Twp.-1511	410.0 µg/L	Over HA	18	F
60	Franklin Twp.-1808	406.0 µg/L	Over HA	16	D+
61	Audubon Boro-0401	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	B
62	Audubon Park Boro-0402	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	B
63	Barrington Boro-0403	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	B
64	Beverly City-0302	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	B
65	Cherry Hill Twp.-0409	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	8	C-
66	Cinnaminson Twp.-0308	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	B
67	Clementon Boro-0411	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	C+
68	Delanco Twp.-0309	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	B
69	Delran Twp.-0310	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	B
70	Edgewater Park Twp.-0312	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	B
71	Gibbsboro Boro-0413	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	B
72	Gloucester Twp.-0415	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	1	B-
73	Haddon Heights Boro-0418	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	B
74	Haddon Twp.-0416	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	C+
75	Haddonfield Boro-0417	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	B
76	Hi-Nella Boro-0419	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	B
77	Laurel Springs Boro-0420	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	B
78	Lawnside Boro-0421	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	B
79	Lindenwold Boro-0422	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	B
80	Magnolia Boro-0423	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	B
81	Mount Ephraim Boro-0425	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	B
82	Oaklyn Boro-0426	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	B
83	Palmyra Boro-0327	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	B
84	Riverside Twp.-0330	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	B
85	Riverton Boro-0331	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	B
86	Runnemede Boro-0430	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	B
87	Somerdale Boro-0431	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	B
88	Stratford Boro-0432	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	B
89	Voorhees Twp.-0434	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	B
90	Old Bridge Twp.-1209	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	14	C+
91	Pennsauken Twp.-0427	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	8	C-
92	Burlington Twp.-0306	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	B-
93	Moorestown Twp.-0322	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	5	F
94	Maple Shade Twp.-0319	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	C+
95	Bellmawr Boro-0404	400.0 µg/L	Over HA	1	B-
96	Elmwood Park Boro-0211	397.0 µg/L	Over HA	12	B-
97	Perth Amboy City--1216	390.0 µg/L	Over HA	8	C+
98	Brigantine City-0103	387.6 µg/L	Over HA	3	B+
99	Rahway City-2013	380.0 µg/L	Over HA	12	B
100	Carney'S Point Twp.-1713	380.0 µg/L	Over HA	3	B-
101	Oldmans Twp.-1706	380.0 µg/L	Over HA	3	B-
102	Penns Grove Boro- 1707	380.0 µg/L	Over HA	1	B+
103	Wallington Boro-0265	380.0 µg/L	Over HA	4	D+
104	South Brunswick Twp.-1221	371.0 µg/L	Over HA	1	B
105	Barnegat Twp.-1533	370.0 µg/L	Over HA	5	C+
106	North Arlington Boro-0239	360.0 µg/L	Over HA	7	B+
107	Point Pleasant Boro-1524	354.7 µg/L	Over HA	2	C-
108	Seaside Heights Boro-1526	340.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	A-
109	Avalon Boro-0501	331.2 µg/L	Over HA	2	B
110	Fair Lawn Boro-0217	315.3 µg/L	Over HA	8	F
111	Elizabeth City- 2004	310.0 µg/L	Over HA	8	C-
112	Alpine Boro-0202	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
113	Bergenfield Boro-0203	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
114	Bogota Boro-0204	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
115	Carlstadt Boro-0205	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
116	Cliffside Park Boro-0206	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
117	Closter Boro-0207	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
118	Cresskill Boro-0208	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
119	Demarest Boro-0209	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
120	Dumont Boro-0210	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
121	East Rutherford Boro-0212	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
122	Edgewater Boro-0213	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
123	Emerson Boro-0214	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
124	Englewood City-0215	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
125	Englewood Cliffs Boro-0216	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
126	Fairview Boro-0218	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
127	Fort Lee Boro-0219	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
128	Guttenberg Town-0903	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
129	Hackensack City-0223	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
130	Harrington Park Boro-0224	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
131	Hasbrouck Heights-0225	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
132	Haworth Boro-0226	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
133	Hillsdale Boro-0227	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	4	D
134	Leonia Boro-0229	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
135	Little Ferry Boro-0230	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
136	Lodi Boro-0231	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	4	C+
137	Maywood Boro-0234	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
138	Montvale Boro-0236	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	4	D
139	Moonachie Boro-0237	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
140	New Milford Boro-0238	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
141	North Bergen Twp.-0908	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
142	Northvale Boro-0240	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
143	Norwood Boro-0241	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
144	Old Tappan Boro-0243	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
145	Oradell Boro-0244	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
146	Palisades Park Boro-0245	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
147	Paramus Boro-0246	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
148	Ridgefield Boro-0249	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
149	Ridgefield Park Twp-0250	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
150	River Edge Boro-0252	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
151	River Vale Twp-0253	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
152	Rochelle Park Twp-0254	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
153	Rockleigh Boro-0255	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
154	Rutherford Boro-0256	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
155	Secaucus Town-0909	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
156	South Hackensack Twp-.0259	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
157	Teaneck Twp-.0260	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
158	Tenafly Boro-0261	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
159	Teterboro Boro-0262	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
160	Upper Saddle River-0263	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
161	Washington Twp.-0266	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
162	Weehawken Twp.-0911	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
163	West New York Town-0912	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
164	Westwood Boro-0267	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
165	Wood-Ridge Boro-0269	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B-
166	Woodcliff Lake Boro-0268	300.0 µg/L	Over HA	4	D
167	Garfield City-0221	290.0 µg/L	Over HA	13	B
168	Long Beach Twp.-1517	280.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	F
169	Totowa Boro-1612	280.0 µg/L	Over HA	1	B-
170	Washington Boro-2121	280.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	B+
171	Pemberton Twp.-0329	275.6 µg/L	Over HA	21	D
172	Ringwood Boro-1611	270.4 µg/L	Over HA	19	F
173	Edison Twp.-1205	270.0 µg/L	Over HA	4	B-
174	Beach Haven Boro-1503	270.0 µg/L	Over HA	1	A-
175	West Caldwell Boro-0721	270.0 µg/L	Over HA	3	C
176	Wildwood City-0514	251.7 µg/L	Over HA	6	B-
177	Lyndhurst Twp-0232	249.0 µg/L	Over HA	2	B+
178	Merchantville Boro-0424	246.0 µg/L	Over HA	8	C+
179	Wanaque Boro-1613	230.0 µg/L	Over HA	10	D
180	Pine Hill Boro-0428	230.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	A-
181	Seaside Park Boro-1527	227.0 µg/L	Over HA	1	A-
182	Saddle Brook Twp-0257	227.0 µg/L	Over HA	13	B-
183	Harrison Town-0904	220.0 µg/L	Over HA	3	B+
184	Spring Lake Boro-1348	220.0 µg/L	Over HA	0	A-
185	Ewing Twp.-1102	210.0 µg/L	No	35	D
186	Hopewell Twp.1106-	210.0 µg/L	No	39	F
187	Lawrence Twp.-1107	210.0 µg/L	No	40	F
188	Trenton City-1111	210.0 µg/L	No	35	D
189	Ridgewood Twp-0251	210.0 µg/L	No	12	D+
190	East Hanover Twp.-1410	210.0 µg/L	No	8	C+
191	Roxbury Twp.-1436	206.9 µg/L	No	8	D+
192	Collingswood Boro-0412	205.0 µg/L	No	4	B+
193	Hillside Twp.-2007	200.0 µg/L	No	32	C
194	Irvington Town-0709	200.0 µg/L	No	32	C
195	Bedminster Twp.-1801	200.0 µg/L	No	0	B+
196	Belvidere Town-2103	200.0 µg/L	No	0	B+
197	Berkeley Heights Twp.-2001	200.0 µg/L	No	0	B+
198	Bernards Twp.-1802	200.0 µg/L	No	0	B+
199	Bernardsville Boro-1803	200.0 µg/L	No	0	B+
200	Chatham Boro-1404	200.0 µg/L	No	5	D+
201	Chester Twp.-1407	200.0 µg/L	No	0	B+
202	Far Hills Boro-1807	200.0 µg/L	No	0	B+
203	Franklin Twp.-2105	200.0 µg/L	No	0	B+
204	Frenchtown Boro-1011	200.0 µg/L	No	0	B+
205	Harding Twp.-1413	200.0 µg/L	No	2	F
206	Maplewood Twp.-0711	200.0 µg/L	No	0	B+
207	Mendham Boro-1418	200.0 µg/L	No	0	B+
208	Mendham Twp.-1419	200.0 µg/L	No	2	D+
209	Millburn Twp.-0712	200.0 µg/L	No	0	B+
210	Mount Olive Twp.-1427	200.0 µg/L	No	42	F
211	New Providence Boro-2011	200.0 µg/L	No	0	B+
212	Oxford Twp.-2117	200.0 µg/L	No	12	F
213	Springfield Twp.-2017	200.0 µg/L	No	0	B+
214	Summit City-2018	200.0 µg/L	No	0	B+
215	Union Twp-.2019	200.0 µg/L	No	0	B+
216	Warren Twp.-1820	200.0 µg/L	No	0	B+
217	Nutley Town-0716	200.0 µg/L	No	13	C
218	Mahwah Twp-0233	200.0 µg/L	No	2	C-
219	South Orange Village-0719	200.0 µg/L	No	1	B
220	Florham Park Boro-1411	200.0 µg/L	No	0	C-
221	North Caldwell Boro-0715	200.0 µg/L	No	3	B-
222	Kearny Town-0907	191.0 µg/L	No	2	B+
223	Atlantic City-0102	190.0 µg/L	No	4	B
224	Bayonne City-0901	190.0 µg/L	No	1	B+
225	Hoboken City-0905	190.0 µg/L	No	0	A-
226	Weymouth Twp-.0123	190.0 µg/L	No	4	C
227	Hanover Twp.-1412	180.0 µg/L	No	2	C-
228	Morris Plains Boro-1423	180.0 µg/L	No	2	C-
229	Morris Twp.-1422	180.0 µg/L	No	2	D+
230	Morristown Town-1424	180.0 µg/L	No	2	C-
231	Orange City-0717	180.0 µg/L	No	5	C+
232	Manalapan Twp.-1326	180.0 µg/L	No	1	B+
233	Wall Twp.-1352	178.4 µg/L	No	5	C+
234	Margate City-0116	176.0 µg/L	No	1	A
235	Stafford Twp.-1530	170.0 µg/L	No	3	B
236	Highland Park Boro-1207	160.5 µg/L	No	4	B+
237	Jersey City-0906	160.0 µg/L	No	5	B
238	Hawthorne Boro-1604	160.0 µg/L	No	3	D+
239	Beachwood Boro-1504	160.0 µg/L	No	0	B-
240	Park Ridge Boro-0247	158.0 µg/L	No	2	C+
241	Saddle River Boro-0258	158.0 µg/L	No	2	C+
242	Parsippany Troy-Hills-1429	150.0 µg/L	No	5	F
243	East Brunswick Twp.-1204	150.0 µg/L	No	17	F
244	Ship Bottom Boro-1528	140.0 µg/L	No	2	A-
245	Lincoln Park Boro-1416	140.0 µg/L	No	24	F
246	Woodbridge Twp.-1225	139.8 µg/L	No	1	B
247	Clinton Town -1005	137.8 µg/L	No	2	D
248	Little Egg Harbor-1516	130.7 µg/L	No	1	A
249	Wayne Twp.-1614	128.0 µg/L	No	1	B+
250	East Windsor Twp.-1101	128.0 µg/L	No	1	A-
251	Phillipsburg Town-2119	122.0 µg/L	No	0	B+
252	Montville Twp.-1421	121.8 µg/L	No	7	C
253	Berkeley Twp.-1505	120.0 µg/L	No	2	C+
254	Bridgeton City-0601	119.2 µg/L	No	55	D
255	Randolph Twp.-1432	115.5 µg/L	No	3	B+
256	Marlboro Twp.-1328	110.0 µg/L	No	13	C+
257	Verona Boro-0720	109.0 µg/L	No	5	F
258	Hamilton Twp-0112	107.4 µg/L	No	4	C+
259	Pequannock Twp.-1431	106.5 µg/L	No	10	C
260	Hammonton Town-0113	96.7 µg/L	No	38	C+
261	Glassboro Boro-0806	96.2 µg/L	No	16	C
262	Cape May City-0502	94.9 µg/L	No	9	B
263	Freehold Boro-1315	90.0 µg/L	No	3	B-
264	Cedar Grove Twp.-0704	88.8 µg/L	No	3	B
265	Woodbury City-0822	88.6 µg/L	No	0	B
266	East Orange City-0705	86.0 µg/L	No	35	F
267	Montclair Town-0713	81.9 µg/L	No	1	B
268	Lacey Twp.-1512	76.0 µg/L	No	2	B+
269	New Hanover Twp.-0325	70.8 µg/L	No	4	B+
270	Ocean Twp.-1520	67.6 µg/L	No	2	B+
271	Belleville Town-0701	65.5 µg/L	No	67	F
272	Mantua Twp.-0810	60.9 µg/L	No	28	F
273	Sea Isle City-0509	57.0 µg/L	No	0	A-
274	Boonton Town-1401	53.0 µg/L	No	9	F
275	Monroe Twp.-0811	48.4 µg/L	No	9	C
276	Newark-0714	47.0 µg/L	No	32	B-
277	Bloomfield Town-0702	47.0 µg/L	No	75	F
278	Medford Twp.-0320	45.0 µg/L	No	2	C+
279	Madison Boro-1417	44.0 µg/L	No	7	B-
280	Manasquan Boro-1327	42.0 µg/L	No	1	B
281	Pompton Lakes Boro-1609	41.7 µg/L	No	0	C
282	West Deptford Twp.-0820	38.0 µg/L	No	2	B
283	Florence Twp.-0315	35.1 µg/L	No	1	B
284	Deptford Twp.-0802	34.0 µg/L	No	3	B-
285	Washington Twp.-0818	33.4 µg/L	No	0	F
286	Dover Town-1409	30.0 µg/L	No	10	C-
287	Bordentown City-0303	23.3 µg/L	No	14	B-
288	Bordentown Twp.-0304	23.3 µg/L	No	14	B-
289	Fieldsboro Boro-0314	23.3 µg/L	No	17	C
290	Millville City-0610	21.8 µg/L	No	3	F

FAQ

Frequently asked questions about chlorate in New Jersey

Is chlorate in New Jersey tap water dangerous?

Chlorate has no federal MCL. The EPA lifetime health advisory is 210 µg/L. 184 cities in New Jersey exceed this level. Chlorate can interfere with thyroid iodide uptake, which is a particular concern for infants, pregnant women, and people with hypothyroidism.

Where does chlorate in New Jersey water come from?

Chlorate is a byproduct of chlorine-based disinfectants — particularly chlorine dioxide and hypochlorite (bleach) solutions. Levels tend to be higher in systems that use chlorine dioxide for taste-and-odor treatment or store sodium hypochlorite at high concentrations or for long periods. Levels vary seasonally with disinfectant use.

How can I reduce chlorate exposure?

Reverse osmosis is the most effective home treatment for chlorate, typically removing 80–95%. Anion exchange systems also work but require regeneration. Standard activated carbon filters provide only limited chlorate reduction. Boiling does NOT remove chlorate.

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