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WaterVerge

PFAS "Forever Chemicals" in US Drinking Water

Tracking per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance contamination across American water systems. Data from EPA UCMR 5 monitoring, updated Q1 2026.

Systems Tested
7,745
Detections
4,745
Exceeding MCL
1,636
Detection Rate
61%

What are PFAS?

PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) are a group of synthetic chemicals that don't break down in the environment or the human body — earning them the name "forever chemicals."

Manufactured since the 1940s, PFAS have been used in non-stick cookware, firefighting foam, food packaging, stain-resistant fabrics, and countless industrial processes. They've contaminated drinking water supplies across the country, and even trace amounts are linked to serious health effects.

In April 2024, the EPA finalized the first-ever national drinking water standards for six PFAS compounds — a landmark regulation after decades of unregulated contamination. Water systems must begin monitoring by 2027 and achieve full compliance by 2029.

Key Facts
  • Over 14,000 synthetic compounds in the PFAS family
  • Called "forever chemicals" — they never break down in the environment
  • Found in cookware, firefighting foam, food packaging, and textiles
  • First EPA MCLs finalized April 2024 after decades of no regulation
  • Full compliance required by 2029

EPA maximum contaminant levels

Finalized April 2024
Individual MCL
PFOA
4.0 ppt

Linked to kidney cancer, thyroid disease, and developmental effects. Individual MCL — strictest standard.

Individual MCL
PFOS
4.0 ppt

Linked to liver damage, immune suppression, and increased cholesterol. Individual MCL — strictest standard.

Hazard Index
HFPO-DA (GenX)
10 ppt

Replacement for PFOA. Linked to liver and kidney toxicity. Regulated via Hazard Index.

Combined Ratio
Hazard Index
1.0 combined

PFHxS + PFNA + GenX + PFBS combined. Sum of individual ratios (concentration/MCL) must not exceed 1.0.

Note: For PFHxS, PFNA, GenX, and PFBS, the EPA uses a combined Hazard Index approach. The sum of each compound's concentration divided by its reference value must not exceed 1.0.

Contamination breakdown

38.7%
40.1%
21.1%
3,000
No PFAS detected
3,109
Detected, within limits
1,636
Exceeding EPA MCL

Cities with highest PFAS contamination

Top 50 by detections & exceedances
# City State Grade Compounds Exceeds MCL PFOA Max PFOS Max Hazard Index
1 Emmaus
14K served
PA
C+
13 / 30 Yes 22.4 ppt 153.0 ppt 43.85
2 Pensacola
257K served
FL
C
12 / 30 Yes 25.8 ppt 35.7 ppt 15.38
3 Hialeah
238K served
FL
B-
12 / 30 Yes 10.2 ppt 27.6 ppt 9.45
4 Georgetown
9K served
DE
F
11 / 30 Yes 36.0 ppt 14.0 ppt 12.50
5 Maxton
3K served
NC
C
11 / 30 Yes 30.0 ppt 6.1 ppt 12.43
6 Adacao
139K served
GU
B+
11 / 30 Yes 18.3 ppt 135.0 ppt 38.33
7 Adelup
139K served
GU
B
11 / 30 Yes 18.3 ppt 135.0 ppt 38.33
8 Agana Heights
139K served
GU
B
11 / 30 Yes 18.3 ppt 135.0 ppt 38.33
9 Anigua
139K served
GU
B
11 / 30 Yes 18.3 ppt 135.0 ppt 38.33
10 Asan
139K served
GU
B
11 / 30 Yes 18.3 ppt 135.0 ppt 38.33
11 Dededo
139K served
GU
B+
11 / 30 Yes 18.3 ppt 135.0 ppt 38.33
12 Pigo
139K served
GU
B
11 / 30 Yes 18.3 ppt 135.0 ppt 38.33
13 Talofofo
139K served
GU
B+
11 / 30 Yes 18.3 ppt 135.0 ppt 38.33
14 Tamuning
139K served
GU
B+
11 / 30 Yes 18.3 ppt 135.0 ppt 38.33
15 Tumon
139K served
GU
B+
11 / 30 Yes 18.3 ppt 135.0 ppt 38.33
16 Running Springs
6K served
CA
B
11 / 30 Yes 15.9 ppt 236.5 ppt 63.10
17 Ambler
20K served
PA
F
11 / 30 Yes 15.3 ppt 13.7 ppt 7.25
18 Doylestown
18K served
PA
D
11 / 30 Yes 14.6 ppt 13.4 ppt 7.00
19 North Bay Village
8K served
FL
B+
11 / 30 Yes 14.2 ppt 43.3 ppt 14.38
20 Clarkstown (T)
270K served
NY
B-
11 / 30 Yes 14.0 ppt 6.8 ppt 5.20
21 Miami
2.4M served
FL
F
11 / 30 Yes 14.0 ppt 37.4 ppt 12.85
22 Pewaukee
17K served
WI
F
11 / 30 Yes 8.5 ppt 12.0 ppt 5.13
23 Pflugerville
63K served
TX
C+
11 / 30 Yes 6.3 ppt 14.4 ppt 5.17
24 Coupland
40K served
TX
C
11 / 30 Yes 5.9 ppt 12.4 ppt 4.58
25 Great Bend
16K served
KS
F
11 / 30 Yes 5.2 ppt 11.0 ppt 4.05
26 Warrenton
30K served
VA
F
10 / 30 Yes 44.6 ppt 31.1 ppt 18.93
27 Payson
25K served
AZ
F
10 / 30 Yes 40.9 ppt 42.2 ppt 20.77
28 Tempe
165K served
AZ
D+
10 / 30 Yes 38.7 ppt 55.8 ppt 23.63
29 Atwater
29K served
CA
B+
10 / 30 Yes 33.0 ppt 45.0 ppt 19.50
30 Ridgewood Twp-0251
62K served
NJ
D+
10 / 30 Yes 31.4 ppt 13.8 ppt 11.30
31 Norristown
99K served
PA
F
10 / 30 Yes 30.8 ppt 57.9 ppt 22.18
32 Hohokus Boro-0228
4K served
NJ
B+
10 / 30 Yes 30.4 ppt 21.0 ppt 12.85
33 New Castle (T)
17K served
NY
B
10 / 30 Yes 27.8 ppt 106.0 ppt 33.45
34 Waldwick Boro-0264
10K served
NJ
F
10 / 30 Yes 23.3 ppt 10.2 ppt 8.38
35 Harrisburg
248K served
PA
F
10 / 30 Yes 22.3 ppt 11.4 ppt 8.43
36 Richboro
37K served
PA
F
10 / 30 Yes 19.6 ppt 23.0 ppt 10.65
37 Clovis
132K served
CA
F
10 / 30 Yes 18.0 ppt 41.0 ppt 14.75
38 Grand Terrace
20K served
CA
B
10 / 30 Yes 18.0 ppt 19.0 ppt 9.25
39 Hillsdale Boro-0227
793K served
NJ
D
10 / 30 Yes 17.2 ppt 14.1 ppt 7.83
40 Montvale Boro-0236
793K served
NJ
D
10 / 30 Yes 17.2 ppt 14.1 ppt 7.83
41 Park Ridge Boro-0247
16K served
NJ
C+
10 / 30 Yes 17.2 ppt 14.1 ppt 7.83
42 Saddle River Boro-0258
16K served
NJ
C+
10 / 30 Yes 17.2 ppt 14.1 ppt 7.83
43 Woodcliff Lake Boro-0268
793K served
NJ
D
10 / 30 Yes 17.2 ppt 14.1 ppt 7.83
44 Bryn Mawr
1.1M served
PA
F
10 / 30 Yes 16.2 ppt 21.5 ppt 9.43
45 Fresno
625K served
CA
F
10 / 30 Yes 16.0 ppt 30.0 ppt 11.50
46 Montebello
42K served
CA
B
10 / 30 Yes 16.0 ppt 53.0 ppt 17.25
47 Telford
8K served
PA
B
10 / 30 Yes 14.9 ppt 15.2 ppt 7.53
48 North Wales
97K served
PA
F
10 / 30 Yes 13.0 ppt 11.1 ppt 6.03
49 North Hempstead (T)
120K served
NY
F
10 / 30 Yes 12.0 ppt 6.9 ppt 4.72
50 Colorado Springs
567K served
CO
F
10 / 30 Yes 10.5 ppt 15.8 ppt 6.58

Worried about PFAS in your water?

Check your city's detailed PFAS report — or browse our filter guide for NSF-certified options that remove forever chemicals.