01The verdict: is Great Falls water safe?
Great Falls's drinking water has significant quality concerns based on EPA testing data. With a grade of F (34.5/100), the system has issues across multiple categories. A water filter is recommended for all residents. The city's 27 water systems serve approximately 64,994 residents using surface water (rivers, lakes, or reservoirs).
Copper is over its legal limit
Measured at 2.21 mg/L against the EPA Action Level of 1.3 mg/L. The ledger below shows how far over — and which filter removes it.
See the measurement ↓65K people, 27 systems
All figures on this page come from federal EPA compliance and testing data for the systems serving this city.
See the systems ↓Lead is approaching its limit
Measured at 12.0 ppb — 80% of the 15 ppb limit. Within the rules, but with less headroom than you'd want.
See the ledger ↓Great Falls's drinking water received a grade of F (34.5 out of 100), indicating failing water quality. The city's 27 water systems serve approximately 64,994 residents using surface water.
Lead levels were measured at 12.0 ppb (90th percentile), which is within EPA limits but above recommended levels. UCMR 5 testing detected 2 PFAS compounds in the water supply. The system has 1361 violations on record, including 64 health-based violations. 214 remain unresolved.
Great Falls ranks #110 out of 110 cities in Montana for water quality, placing it among the lowest-rated in the state. The city draws from surface water sources, which are more susceptible to seasonal runoff and agricultural contamination, requiring extensive multi-barrier treatment including coagulation, filtration, and disinfection. PFAS compounds were detected in testing, though levels remain within current EPA limits. Residents seeking extra precaution may consider an activated carbon or reverse osmosis filter. Haloacetic acid (HAA5) levels were elevated at 32.0 µg/L in UCMR 4 testing, though below the 60 µg/L EPA limit. Activated carbon filtration can help reduce these disinfection byproducts. Hexavalent chromium (chromium-6) was detected at 0.07 µg/L in UCMR 3 testing. While below California's 10 µg/L limit and with no federal MCL set, residents sensitive to this contaminant may consider reverse osmosis filtration. While lead levels are within EPA limits, they are above the recommended 5 ppb threshold that health organizations consider ideal. A point-of-use filter adds an extra layer of protection. The system has seen 162 violations in the past five years, suggesting a pattern of compliance challenges that residents should monitor closely.
02What's in Great Falls's water
Every contaminant flagged in Great Falls, on one shared scale: distance to its own legal limit. The red line is the limit — anything past it is out of compliance, and the closer a bar gets, the less headroom the system has.
Over Limit — EPA Action Level: 1.3 mg/L
Exceeds the EPA action level. Copper leaches from household plumbing — flush taps for 30 seconds before drinking, and consider a certified filter.Full contaminants report
| Contaminant | Detected Level | EPA Limit | Unit | Category | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lead (90th percentile) LeadHeavy Metal A toxic heavy metal that can leach into drinking water from older pipes, solder, and fixtures. No amount of lead in water is considered safe. Health EffectsBrain and nervous system damage in children, kidney damage, high blood pressure, and reproductive problems in adults. EPA Limit15 ppb action level Common SourcesCorrosion of lead pipes, lead solder, brass faucets, and household plumbing. | 12.0 | 15 | ppb | Inorganic | Near Limit |
| Copper (90th percentile) CopperInorganic A metal that enters drinking water mainly through corrosion of copper plumbing. Small amounts are essential for health, but excess levels are harmful. Health EffectsGastrointestinal distress (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) at short-term high levels; liver and kidney damage from long-term exposure. EPA Limit1.3 mg/L action level Common SourcesCorrosion of copper household plumbing, erosion of natural deposits. | 2.21 | 1.3 | mg/L | Inorganic | Over Limit |
| 11Cl-PF3OUdS | ND | HI | µg/L | PFAS | Not Detected |
| 4:2 FTS | ND | HI | µg/L | PFAS | Not Detected |
| 6:2 FTS 6:2 FTSPFAS A fluorotelomer sulfonate commonly found at sites contaminated with aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) used in firefighting. Health EffectsPotential liver toxicity and endocrine disruption. Less studied but identified as a contaminant of concern. EPA LimitNo individual MCL (not yet regulated) Common SourcesFirefighting foam (AFFF), airports, military bases, and industrial facilities. | ND | HI | µg/L | PFAS | Not Detected |
| 8:2 FTS | ND | HI | µg/L | PFAS | Not Detected |
| 9Cl-PF3ONS | ND | HI | µg/L | PFAS | Not Detected |
| ADONA | ND | HI | µg/L | PFAS | Not Detected |
| HFPO-DA HFPO-DA (GenX)PFAS A replacement for PFOA in manufacturing, marketed as safer but still a persistent "forever chemical." Also known as GenX. Health EffectsLiver and kidney effects, reproductive toxicity, immune system effects, and potential cancer risk. EPA Limit10 ppt MCL Common SourcesFluoropolymer manufacturing (used as PFOA replacement), industrial wastewater discharge. | ND | 0.01 | µg/L | PFAS | Not Detected |
| lithium LithiumInorganic A naturally occurring alkali metal found in groundwater. Monitored under UCMR 5 to assess occurrence in drinking water. Health EffectsKidney effects at high doses. Low-level exposure effects under study; some research suggests neurological effects. EPA LimitNo MCL (monitoring only under UCMR 5) Common SourcesNatural mineral deposits, geothermal water, and industrial discharge. | 80.800 | HI | µg/L | PFAS | Detected |
| NEtFOSAA | ND | HI | µg/L | PFAS | Not Detected |
| NFDHA | ND | HI | µg/L | PFAS | Not Detected |
| NMeFOSAA | ND | HI | µg/L | PFAS | Not Detected |
| PFBA PFBAPFAS One of the shortest-chain PFAS compounds. Very mobile in water and difficult to remove with standard filtration. Health EffectsThyroid effects, potential developmental toxicity. Shorter half-life in body than long-chain PFAS. EPA LimitNo individual MCL (not yet regulated) Common SourcesDegradation of longer-chain PFAS, industrial discharge, and firefighting foam. | 0.007 | HI | µg/L | PFAS | Detected |
| PFBS PFBSPFAS A short-chain PFAS used as a replacement for PFOS. While it clears the body faster than long-chain PFAS, it still persists in the environment. Health EffectsThyroid effects, reproductive and developmental toxicity, kidney effects. EPA LimitPart of Hazard Index (1.0) Common SourcesIndustrial discharge, firefighting foam, and as a replacement chemical in manufacturing. | ND | HI | µg/L | PFAS | Not Detected |
| PFDA | ND | HI | µg/L | PFAS | Not Detected |
| PFDoA | ND | HI | µg/L | PFAS | Not Detected |
| PFEESA | ND | HI | µg/L | PFAS | Not Detected |
| PFHpA PFHpAPFAS A medium-chain PFAS compound found in various environmental samples. Less studied than PFOA/PFOS but still considered a contaminant of concern. Health EffectsLiver effects, potential developmental toxicity, and endocrine disruption. EPA LimitPart of Hazard Index (1.0) Common SourcesDegradation of longer-chain PFAS, industrial discharge, and contaminated water sources. | ND | HI | µg/L | PFAS | Not Detected |
| PFHpS | ND | HI | µg/L | PFAS | Not Detected |
| PFHxA PFHxAPFAS A short-chain PFAS replacement chemical widely used after manufacturers phased out longer-chain PFAS. Very commonly detected in water. Health EffectsLiver and kidney effects, potential thyroid disruption. Considered less toxic than long-chain PFAS but still persistent. EPA LimitNo individual MCL (not yet regulated) Common SourcesIndustrial processes, firefighting foam (AFFF), food packaging, and textile treatment. | ND | HI | µg/L | PFAS | Not Detected |
| PFHxS PFHxSPFAS A medium-chain PFAS found in firefighting foam and consumer products. It has a long half-life in the human body, similar to long-chain PFAS. Health EffectsImmune system effects, thyroid disruption, and potential reproductive and developmental harm. EPA LimitPart of Hazard Index (1.0) Common SourcesFirefighting foam (AFFF), waterproof textiles, food packaging, and industrial discharge. | ND | HI | µg/L | PFAS | Not Detected |
| PFMBA | ND | HI | µg/L | PFAS | Not Detected |
| PFMPA | ND | HI | µg/L | PFAS | Not Detected |
| PFNA PFNAPFAS A long-chain PFAS compound used in manufacturing fluoropolymers. It bioaccumulates in the body and is very persistent in the environment. Health EffectsDevelopmental effects, liver toxicity, immune suppression, and potential cancer risk. EPA LimitPart of Hazard Index (1.0) Common SourcesFluoropolymer manufacturing, industrial emissions, and contaminated water sources. | ND | HI | µg/L | PFAS | Not Detected |
| PFOA PFOAPFAS A long-chain PFAS ("forever chemical") once widely used in nonstick coatings and firefighting foam. It persists in the body and environment for years. Health EffectsLinked to kidney and testicular cancer, thyroid disease, elevated cholesterol, and reproductive issues. EPA Limit4.0 ppt MCL Common SourcesIndustrial discharge, firefighting foam (AFFF), nonstick cookware manufacturing, and contaminated groundwater. | ND | 0.004 | µg/L | PFAS | Not Detected |
| PFOS PFOSPFAS A long-chain PFAS compound historically used in stain-resistant coatings and firefighting foam. One of the most studied and persistent PFAS chemicals. Health EffectsLiver damage, immune system suppression, thyroid disruption, increased cholesterol, and potential cancer risk. EPA Limit4.0 ppt MCL Common SourcesFirefighting foam (AFFF), industrial sites, stain-resistant fabric treatments, and contaminated groundwater. | ND | 0.004 | µg/L | PFAS | Not Detected |
| PFPeA PFPeAPFAS A short-chain PFAS compound commonly detected in drinking water. One of the most frequently found PFAS in UCMR 5 monitoring. Health EffectsLess studied than PFOA/PFOS. Potential liver and thyroid effects. Research is ongoing. EPA LimitNo individual MCL (not yet regulated) Common SourcesIndustrial discharge, firefighting foam degradation, and consumer products. | ND | HI | µg/L | PFAS | Not Detected |
| PFPeS | ND | HI | µg/L | PFAS | Not Detected |
| PFTA | ND | HI | µg/L | PFAS | Not Detected |
| PFTrDA | ND | HI | µg/L | PFAS | Not Detected |
| PFUnA | ND | HI | µg/L | PFAS | Not Detected |
Cities ranked by 90th-percentile lead PF PFAS in Montana
Cities ranked by compounds detected Cu Copper in Montana
Cities ranked by 90th-percentile copper
03Great Falls's ten-year track record
Each box is one year. A green check means no EPA violations; a numbered badge counts that year's violations — red if any were health-based, amber if they were monitoring or paperwork issues. The system has 1361 violations on record, including 64 health-based violations. 214 remain unresolved.
1 of the last ten years was clean. The numbered years had EPA violations — red when any were health-based, amber when they were paperwork or missed-testing issues.
▲ Up 9 ppb since 1992. Latest reading: 12 ppb (2026) — 80% of the action level. Sampled at higher-risk homes (90th percentile).
▲ Up 0.09 mg/L since 1995. The latest reading (2.2 mg/L, 2018) is over the action level. Sampled at higher-risk homes (90th percentile).
04Where Great Falls's water comes from
Great Falls's drinking water comes primarily from surface water sources such as rivers, lakes, or reservoirs.
Surface Water
Rivers, lakes, or reservoirs — more exposed to runoff, agriculture, and seasonal swings than groundwater.
Local treatment
Multi-barrier treatment: coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection to meet EPA standards.
27 systems
27 water systems (3 wholesalers), operated under local government ownership.
64,994 people
Residents served across Great Falls's service area.
Surface water systems require multi-stage treatment including coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection to meet EPA Safe Drinking Water Act standards. These sources can be impacted by seasonal changes, stormwater runoff, upstream agriculture, and industrial discharge. The system is operated by local government ownership and serves approximately 64,994 people through 27 water systems.
| System name | PWSID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| GREAT FALLS CITY OF | MT0000525 | 60,000 | Surface Water |
| MALMSTROM AIR FORCE BASE | MT0000515 | 8,850 | Purchased Surface Water |
| SUN PRAIRIE VILLAGE COUNTY | MT0000521 | 1,800 | Groundwater |
| PRAIRIE WATER COMPANY | MT0003539 | 1,000 | Purchased Surface Water |
| COUNTRYSIDE VILLAGE MHP GRT FLS | MT0004830 | 600 | Purchased Surface Water |
| GORE HILL COUNTY WATER DIST | MT0000232 | 500 | Groundwater |
| BUSHARD WATER COMPANY | MT0005164 | 425 | Purchased Surface Water |
| HIGHWOOD MOBILE HOME PARK | MT0004681 | 400 | Purchased Surface Water |
| SUN PRAIRIE WATER DISTRICT | MT0000571 | 350 | Groundwater |
| GREAT FALLS RV PARK | MT0000027 | 274 | Purchased Surface Water |
| RYAN DAM WATER SYSTEM | MT0000046 | 230 | Groundwater |
| SOUTH WIND WATER AND SEWER DISTRICT | MT0000025 | 200 | Groundwater |
| GRANDVIEW TRAILER COURT | MT0004686 | 165 | Purchased Surface Water |
| PLEASANT PARK COMMUNITY INC | MT0000028 | 125 | Groundwater |
| BIG BEND RANCH SUBDIVISION | MT0004261 | 100 | Groundwater |
| SHADE TREE MOBILE PARK | MT0004685 | 100 | Purchased Surface Water |
| RIVERSHORE COMMUNITY LLC | MT0000414 | 90 | Purchased Surface Water |
| MISSOURI MEADOWS COMMUNITY INC | MT0000053 | 85 | Purchased Surface Water |
| SPRING TREE RIDGE | MT0004419 | 80 | Groundwater |
| RIVERS EDGE MOBILE HOME PARK GRT FLS | MT0004687 | 75 | Purchased Surface Water |
| BIG STACK ESTATES | MT0004682 | 60 | Purchased Surface Water |
| THE FALLS MOBILE HOME COMMUNITY | MT0005077 | 60 | Purchased Surface Water |
| PARK GARDEN ESTATES | MT0000050 | 50 | Groundwater |
| COBBLESTONE COURT | MT0004831 | 50 | Purchased Surface Water |
| SUNSET MOBILE HOME PARK | MT0000584 | 45 | Purchased Groundwater |
| BIG SKY MOBILE HOME PARK | MT0004683 | 40 | Purchased Surface Water |
| HIGH PLAINS H2O LLC | MT0005192 | 25 | Purchased Surface Water |
Water bodies near Great Falls
As a surface-water system, these water bodies may directly influence Great Falls's drinking water supply.
05Pressure on Great Falls's watershed
Outside forces that shape what reaches the treatment plant. None of these is a verdict on the tap by itself — but each adds pressure worth knowing about.
Industrial discharge
3 facilities within 10 miles reported 0 lb released to surface water in the latest EPA Toxics Release Inventory. Proximity doesn't equal tap contamination — treatment and hydrology decide — but it's pressure on the watershed.
Flood & storm history
3 federal disaster declarations on record for Cascade County. Flooding and severe storms can overwhelm treatment plants, cause sewage overflows, and push runoff into supplies.
Superfund proximity
1 National Priorities List site within 10 miles. Proximity does not necessarily indicate tap-water contamination — the connection depends on hydrology and treatment.
Drought
Cascade County is in D1 (moderate drought) per the U.S. Drought Monitor (week of Jul 2026). Drought can raise disinfection-byproduct levels and taste/odor issues as utilities draw from lower reservoirs.
06How Great Falls compares
Scores for nearby Montana cities on one line, with the average marked.
dashed line = Montana average (48/100)
Great Falls scores 34.5/100 — below the Montana average of 48/100. Full Montana rankings →
39.6 / 100FMissoula, MT
42.6 / 100FBozeman, MT
43.4 / 100FKalispell, MT
40.1 / 100FHelena, MT
39.1 / 100BButte, MT
82.8 / 100
Compare all cities in the county — grades, violations, and contaminant data side by side.→
07What to do at home
Steps matched to what testing actually found in Great Falls's water — not generic advice.
Filter drinking & cooking water
Activated carbon or reverse osmosis filter. Lead detected at 12.0 ppb
Compare tested filters →Flush taps & check your service line
Lead leaches from pipes as water sits. Run cold water 30 seconds before drinking (especially mornings), and ask the utility whether your address still has a lead service line.
Lead risks explained →Watch for Great Falls alerts
This area has a history of flood declarations — after severe weather, watch for boil-water advisories from the utility, and check the live alerts on this page.
All water alerts →Frequently asked questions
Is Great Falls, MT tap water safe to drink?
Great Falls's water quality earned a grade of F (34.5/100). Significant issues have been found. A water filter is strongly recommended. The city ranks #110 out of 110 cities tested in Montana.
What contaminants are in Great Falls's water?
Lead was measured at 12.0 ppb (90th percentile). 2 PFAS compounds were detected. 1361 violations are on record.
How is Great Falls's water quality grade calculated?
The grade is based on four factors: violation history (40%), lead and copper levels (25%), PFAS contamination (25%), and regulatory compliance (10%). The score is also adjusted based on how complete the available data is. See our methodology page for full details.
Do I need a water filter in Great Falls?
While lead levels are within EPA limits, a filter adds extra protection. PFAS compounds have been detected. A filter with activated carbon can help reduce exposure.
Where does Great Falls's water come from?
Great Falls's water is sourced from Surface water. The city has 27 water systems serving approximately 64,994 residents.
What health violations has Great Falls's water system had?
Great Falls has 64 health-based violations on record. The most recent violation was recorded in December 2025. Health-based violations mean the water exceeded EPA maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for a regulated substance. 214 violations remain unresolved.
How does Great Falls's water compare to other cities?
Great Falls ranks #110 out of 110 cities in Montana (better than 0% of state cities) and #15212 out of 15382 cities nationally (1th percentile). The grade of F reflects the combined assessment of violation history, lead and copper levels, PFAS contamination, and regulatory compliance.